This week&#;s column is by Jay Boggess. Next week we will return to the Delta Municipal Power Plant for Part II.
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Pretty quickly, early on &#; when it comes to diesel engines, you hear the word &#;Roots Blower&#;. But who IS Roots? Today in the era of Wikipedia, this is an easy question to answer, but not when I was a kid.
I&#;d first heard of the &#;GMC Roots Blower&#; associated with supercharged dragsters & hot rods. Later, while reading my father&#;s textbook &#;Internal Combustion Engines &#; Analysis & Practice&#;, I discovered a cutaway section of the General Motors 2-stoke CI (compression ignition or diesel) engine, below:
Click for larger &#; GM photo, from Internal Combustion Engines ©Later, I learned that Cleveland Diesel, Fairbanks-Morse and Electro Motive Division diesel engines all had Roots Blowers, but no one ever explained why it was called the Roots Blower.
In , a random visit to the History Colorado Museum in Denver came across this artifact:
Click for larger &#; History Colorado Museum &#; Jay Boggess photo &#;A mine ventilation blower for ventilating underground hard-rock mines, built by the P.H. & F.M. Roots Company, Connersville, Indiana. The placard listed a date, but the low-res digital pics of the era do not allow me to zoom in &#; other sources point to the mid &#;s or so.
Another datapoint came from another random visit, this time to the nearly preserved Bethlehem Steel blast furnaces in Bethlehem, PA (thanks to my former EMD colleague Mark Duve, who insisted we stop).
Click for larger &#; Bethlehem Steel blast furnaces &#; Bethlehem, PA &#; Jay Boggess photoThe building in the foreground of the photo was unlocked, we ventured inside and discovered these:
Bethlehem Steel blast furnace blower rotors &#; Bethlehem, PA &#; Jay Boggess photoVery distinctive, two-lobed Roots Blower rotors &#; look carefully and you will see counter-weighted steam engine eccentrics on the end of the rotors. Inside the same building were the matching horizontal steam engine cylinders for driving these rotors (I took photos but the passage of 16 years has lost those). I later learned that blast furnace blast supply was one of the first uses of Roots Blowers.
So who were P.H. & F.M. Roots? Wikipedia points to a book, &#;Indiana One Hundred And Fifty Years of American Development&#; which provides most of the answers. Philander Higley and Francis Marion Roots were brothers. Francis was the youngest brother, born in , went searching for gold in California in , came home in and started working with his brother Philander in manufacturing. They patented the &#;Roots Positive Blast Blower&#; in . Francis passed away in , Philander passed in . Their company was purchased by Dresser Industries in , and renamed the Roots-Connersville Blower Company. In WWII, they produced low-pressure blowers for blowing ballast tanks in U.S. Submarines, as well as centrifugal blowers for various low-pressure/ high-volume uses, eventually submerged in the vast Dresser product line.
Roots Blower Applications:
Submarine Ballast Tank Blower:
Click for larger &#; collection of the Bowfin Museum, Pearl Harbor, HI &#; Jay Boggess photoRoots blower on USS Bowfin, Pearl Harbor, HI &#; Jay Boggess photoThis is listed on the drawing as a CFM blower, designed and built by the Roots-Connersville Blower Corporation, Connersville, Indiana. The driving motor is a RPM, 90 horsepower, intermittent-duty DC motor.
To digress extensively &#; WWII submarines had two systems to blow their ballast tanks &#; -PSI stored compressed air reduced down to 600 PSI to start the surfacing process and 10-PSI low pressure air supplied by blowers to finish the job once a submarine surfaced. It was this low-pressure job that either Roots Blowers or centrifugal blowers were utilized. Another interesting use was that when a sub is submerged, various tanks are vented inboard the sub, raising the internal pressure of the boat several PSI above atmospheric pressure. If the hatch were immediately opened, the rush of air was known to launch sailors overboard. Instead, the hatch between the conning tower and control room would be shut, the boat surfaced and the bridge hatch opened. While the captain checked to see if the coast was clear, the low-pressure blower is started finishing the blow of the ballast tanks and reducing the excess air pressure inside the rest of the boat.
Fairbanks-Morse Opposed Piston 38D Engine:
Click for larger &#; From the Fairbanks-Morse LSM 38D 8 1/8 Manual &#; collection of Paul StrubeckThe WWII era FM 38D manual does not use the word &#;Roots Blower&#; but instead refers to it as a &#;Scavenging Air Blower&#;. The FM 38D blower spins at rpm and provides CFM at about 2 to 4 PSI. The Direct Reversing version of this engine used a set of linkage and air valves on the blower in order to direct the air in the proper direction when the engine is running astern, thus the blower is running backwards.
General Motors Cleveland Diesel Engine Division (CDED) 278A Marine Diesel:
Cleveland Diesel Engine Division Diagrams &#; Click for larger Click for larger &#; Cleveland Diesel Engine Division Photo &#; Collection of Jay BoggessCleveland Diesel mounted their single Roots Blower on the front of their engine, essentially shortening or lengthening the blower to fit the air flow of the 6, 8, 12- or 16-cylinder models of the 278A, as the photos and following table illustrates.
16-278A &#; HP Destroyer Escort Engine: RPM, 6.5&#; Hg, CFM
12-278A &#; 875 BHP Army Tug Engine: RPM, 5.5&#; Hg, CFM
8-278A(NM) &#; 800 HP Non-Magnetic Minesweeper Engine: RPM, 6.5&#; Hg, CFM
6-278A &#; 480 HP 720 RPM Tug Engine: RPM, 4.5&#; Hg, CFM
Thanks to Scott Zelinka for the above Cleveland photos showing a pair of the Spiral rotors used by CDED. The clearances between the rotors is set at .024&#; (on the 12 and 16 Cyl) and .018&#; on the smaller engines. I find it downright amazing that something with this complex of a shape &#; and interlocking none the less, could be machined so exacting by hand, and mass produced at that, long before computers and CNC.
With the new Cleveland Diesel 498 engine, a small Roots blower was used in conjunction with the exhaust driven turbocharger to provide for lower RPM scavenging. EMD would solve this issue with their own turbocharger on the 567. A centrifugal clutch drives the blower off of the timing gears that would disengage at a certain RPM and allow the turbocharger to freewheel.
Cleveland 498 diagram Click for larger &#; The blower is in the same location as the 278A series, behind the intercooler here.EMD 567/645 Roots Blown Engines
Electro-Motive answered the Roots Blower question in a totally different way than its GM sister division CDED. EMD also had four different engines to support: 6 &#; 8 &#; 12 &#; 16 cylinders. EMD picked one design of blower, then used that one blower for the 6 and 8 cylinders model and a pair of blowers for the 12 and 16 cylinders, changing the blower gear ratio (and blower RPM) between 6 and 8, and 12 and 16 engines, gaining economics of scale and fewer replacement parts to support.
Below is the 8-cylinder 567 model:
Link to Benyuan
Click for larger &#; Cleveland Diesel engine manual photo &#; WWII Army ST tug &#; collection of Jay BoggessAnd here is the mid-&#;s 16-567C model. Note the directional air intake, a sign that this engine was likely built for stationary power generation.
Click for larger &#; Cleveland Diesel Engine Division Photo &#; Jay Boggess CollectionThe 16-567C pic illustrates another clever design feature that EMD incorporated. By placing the Roots Blowers high above the crankshaft (driven by the engine&#;s camshaft drives), EMD designers provided a niche for a generator underneath the blowers, saving overall length of the engine/generator and thus overall length of the locomotive.
These are just a few short uses of the Roots Blower &#; several other manufacturers have used them, and coming in one of the next parts on the Delta Municipal Power Plant, we will see a giant Roots-Connersville centrifugal blower used to feed the big 31A18 engine. Roots Blowers are common on many different industrial uses outside of engines.
While many thousands of Roots Blowers have been built, I believe their day in the sun has passed. From my days at the Alaska Railroad, EPA emissions regulations were starting to close in on the Roots Blown engine. I do not know the specifics, but the GP38-2s AkRR owned had to be de-tuned for better emissions, which gave lower fuel economy. And even then, the EPA wasn&#;t very happy about it (that is, the EPA Tier 0/1/2/3 regulations only allowed de-tuning for existing engines and would not be applicable to a new Roots-blown EMD engine).
So, when you hear an older EMD go by, be it a GP7 or GP9 or 38, think of Philander Higley and Francis Marion Roots and what they invented 150 years ago.
Sidebar &#; Roots Blower Or Roots Supercharger?
Blogmaster Paul Strubeck has uncovered somewhat heated discussions between the terms &#;Roots Blower&#; and &#;Roots Supercharger&#;. Both terms can be correct &#; I will attempt to clarify, but I will preface my comments that I am an electrical engineer by training / experience and only an &#;armchair&#; engine guy (from hanging around my father and the many, many gear-heads at Electro-Motive over 22 years).
Supercharging is defined as jamming more air than atmospheric pressure into each cylinder before compression by the piston begins. My internal combustion textbook notes by providing some form of air pump, you can get more power for the same engine weight or thin-air compensation for an aircraft engine at high altitude.
In the two-cycle diesel engines (FM, Detroit Diesel, CDED, EMD), the Roots Blower acts primarily to scavenge exhaust gases from the cylinder after each power stroke. If the exhaust valves close before intake ports (in the case of a GM 2-cycle diesel), then some supercharging will take place. But the primary purpose is to get exhaust gases out.
If the air pump is driven by a turbine attached to the exhaust manifold, then the arrangement is termed a turbocharger. The turbocharged EMD 645E3 engine provides THP in the GP40/SD40, while the Roots-blown 645E engine of the GP38 provides only THP. The Wright radial engine of the Boeing B-17 of WWII used a turbo-supercharger so that it could fly at 25,000 feet over Germany, with each engine producing 750 HP at altitude.
Barney Navarro was the first hot rodder to put a Roots Blower with Detroit Diesel history on a car engine in the &#;s. The blower, from a Detroit Diesel 3-71 was belt driven off of the crankshaft and made 16PSI of boost in the engine. After that the doors opened and the Roots style blower became a choice power added for race cars (typically drag cars). Today, they are still referred to an x-71 style (in different sizes, including a 14-71, an engine never made), however they are specific made for the application, and not WWII surplus! Supercharging on gasoline/car engines is a much larger topic that literally has had books written on it.
https://www.hotrod.com/articles/hot-rodding-pioneer-barney-navarro-ground-breaking-model-t-race-car-now/
A little more on a Top Fuel engine &#; 11,000HP for 3.7 seconds at a time. https://www.hotrod.com/articles/ccrp--hp-top-fuel-engine/
Thanks to Jay for writing this weeks post (with some added commentary from me, namely on the Roots Blowers on race cars).
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A Roots vacuum pump (see Fig. 2.17) is a rotary positive-displacement type of pump where two symmetrically-shaped impellers rotate inside the pump casing past each other in close proximity. The two rotors have a cross section resembling approximately the shape of a figure 8 and are synchronized by a toothed gear. The clearance between the rotors and the casing wall as well as between the rotors themselves amounts only to a few tenths of a millimeter. For this reason, Roots pumps may be operated at high speeds without mechanical wear. In contrast to rotary vane and dry pumps, Roots pumps are not oil sealed, so that the internal leakage of dry compressing pumps by design results in the fact that compression ratios only in the range 10 &#; 100 can be attained. The internal leakage of Roots pumps, and also other dry compressing pumps for that matter, is mainly based on the fact that owing to the operating principle certain surface areas of the pump chamber are assigned to the intake side and the compression side of the pump in alternating fashion. During the compression phase these surface areas (rotors and casing) are loaded with gas (boundary layer); during the suction phase this gas is released. The thickness of the traveling gas layer depends on the clearance between the two rotors and between the rotors and the casing wall. Due to the relatively complex thermal conditions within the Roots pump it is not possible to base one&#;s consideration on the cold state. The smallest clearances and thus the lowest back flows are attained at operating pressures in the region of 1 mbar. Subsequently it is possible to attain in this region the highest compression ratios, but this pressure range is also most critical in view of contacts between the rotors and the casing.
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