Soil nailing technology is to insert steel bars into the soil horizontally or approximately horizontally and spray concrete on the slope surface to form soil reinforcement zones, similar to gravity retaining walls. This zone can support the stability of the unreinforced soil behind it like a homogeneous anti-sliding body, which mainly uses the tensile effect of the reinforced rods placed in the soil to strengthen the shear resistance of the soil.
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As a construction technology, soil nailing has four advantages. In Europe, when excavating a soil pit with a depth of about 10m, the use of soil nails can save 10% to 30% of the cost compared with the use of an underground diaphragm wall or Berlin Wall with anchor rods. In specific engineering cases, the support method of soil nails + anchor rods can save 40% of the cost compared with the use of excavated piles + anchor rods for supporting slopes in soft soil foundation pits. Soil reinforcement construction drilling tools and concrete spray guns are small in size, light, and low in noise. This is a big plus in urban environments where noise, vibration, and approach can be a problem. Similarly, when it is impossible to transport large equipment for piling in other places, the simple equipment required is also a great advantage. Soil nailing is fast in construction and easy to form during construction and excavation. It is a flexible technology, and it is easier to adapt to different soil layer conditions and construction procedures during the excavation process. Field observations have shown that the total displacement required for the reinforcement to function is small, which is generally equivalent to the displacement of a good support system in the Peck classification. In addition, soil nails can be constructed immediately after excavation, following the excavation surface, which can reduce soil disturbance and reduce the possibility of causing damage to adjacent buildings. Goto KSQ Technology to know more. The soil nailing wall also has certain limitations in its application, mainly including: When soil nailing is constructed, it is generally necessary to excavate a depth of 1 to 2 m. Before spraying concrete and installing soil nails, it needs to be stabilized without support for at least several hours. Therefore, the soil layer must have a certain natural “cohesion” or cementing force. Otherwise, first treatment such as grouting or shotcrete is required to maintain the stability of the slope, but this will make the construction complicated and increase the cost; During soil nailing construction, it is required that there is no water seepage on the slope. If groundwater seeps out from the slope, the excavated slope will collapse locally, making it impossible to excavate a shotcrete surface; Soil nails should not be used for excavation support in soft soil. Soft soil has low friction, and in order to obtain certain stability, it is necessary to require long soil reinforcement and high density. At this time, it is more appropriate to use anti-sliding piles or anchor underground diaphragm walls. Soil nailing has been used more and more in the protection of cutting slopes and the excavation of deep foundation pits for high-rise buildings, and even many are used for emergency reinforcement, collapse, slip treatment, and disease control when conventional supports are unstable. However, due to the limitations of soil nailing support, as mentioned above, this support cannot be used alone in the case of loose sand, soft soil, fluid plastic clay, and abundant groundwater sources, and must be used with other soils. Reinforcement and support methods are used in combination. In fact, with the development of soil nailing technology, there is currently a soil nail that can overcome this situation and can be constructed under broken and loose geological conditions, that is, self-drilling soil nails.Economic Benefits
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Mining engineering has witnessed significant advancements over the years, with technologies evolving to ensure the safety and efficiency of operations. Among these advancements, rock bolting support has evolved from a niche technique to a fundamental component of modern mining engineering. Its advantages in enhancing safety, increasing operational efficiency, and providing cost-effective long-term solutions underscore its indispensable role in the mining industry. In this article, we try to delve into the intricacies of rock bolting support, exploring its historical roots, its contemporary significance in mining engineering, and most importantly, the three undeniable advantages it offers to the industry.Rock bolting support is a method used to stabilize rock masses in underground mining operations. It involves the installation of the insertion and grouting of steel bars into holes predrilled into the fractured rock mass to reinforce and secure it, mitigating the risk of collapses and enhancing the overall stability of the underground environment. These bolts act as a form of artificial support, anchoring the rock and preventing collapses or movements that could jeopardize the safety of mining operations and personnel. Rock bolting is an active support system characterized by a simple yet effective structure. It operates on the principles of modern rock mechanics and surrounding rock control theory, ensuring the integrity and stability of underground structures. The primary application of rock bolting support lies in roadway support within mining engineering.The history of rock bolting support can be traced back to the mid-19th century when it emerged as a response to the challenges posed by increasingly deep and complex underground mining operations. Prior to the widespread adoption of rock bolting, timber supports were predominantly used. However, as mining operations ventured into greater depths, the limitations of timber supports became evident, necessitating a more robust and reliable solution.The breakthrough came in the 1872 at a slate quarry in North Wales where bolts were first utilized as a method for rock reinforcement. However, it wasn't until 1918 that bolts were introduced as a means of ground reinforcement in a German coal mine. The seeds of a revolutionary support system were sown, setting the stage for a progression that would redefine underground mining practices.The progression continued, engineers began experimenting with the installation of different types of steel bolts into rock formations to provide reinforcement. Over the decades, advancements in materials and engineering practices refined the technique, making rock bolting support a cornerstone of modern mining safety.Fast forward to the present, and rock bolting support has become a standard practice in underground mining worldwide. Its applications extend across various mining methods, including room and pillar, cut and fill, and sublevel stoping. The versatility of rock bolting has allowed it to adapt to different geological conditions, making it a go-to solution for ensuring the stability of tunnels, shafts, and other underground excavations.In contemporary mining engineering, the significance of rock bolting support goes beyond mere stabilization. It is a critical component in the broader context of mine design and planning, influencing factors such as the layout of underground workings, extraction methods, and overall safety protocols.Rock bolting belongs to "active" supporting, which conforms to modern rock mechanics and surrounding rock control theory in terms of support principles. After the anchor bolt is installed, the overall bearing structure will quickly be formed to strengthen the surrounding rock. By mobilizing and using the stability of the surrounding rock, its bearing capacity can be fully utilized to effectively control the deformation of the surrounding rock of the roadway. Compared with the traditional frame support, the rock bolting support can better adapt to the large deformation of the rock surrounding roadways and improve the roadway maintenance status by maintaining the integrity and stability of the surrounding rock.Compared with frame support, the support materials used in rock bolting support are less and lighter, which greatly reduces the amount of material transportation and the labor intensity, and improves work efficiency during roadway excavation. The process of anchor construction operation is simple and can closely follow the excavation working face. It is convenient to organize the excavation parallel operation and one-time formation of the roadway, which realizes rapid excavation and support mechanization.The economic advantages of rock bolting support are multifaceted. Firstly, the reduced material quantity and support cost associated with rock bolting support contribute to substantial savings. The design of rock bolting support ensures that it does not occupy the effective section of the roadway, leading to significant material savings. Additionally, the decreased workload in roadway maintenance translates to further cost savings.Rock bolting support stands as a testament to the innovation and progress within the field of mining engineering. From its humble beginnings in response to the challenges of deep underground mining to its current status as a versatile and indispensable tool, rock bolting has come a long way. The advantages it brings to the table, including enhanced safety, increased operational efficiency, and adaptability to geological challenges, underscore its pivotal role in shaping the future of mining.s mining operations continue to push the boundaries of depth and complexity, the role of rock bolting support will only become more pronounced. Through ongoing research, technological advancements, and a commitment to best practices, the mining industry can harness the full potential of rock bolting to ensure not only the stability of underground structures but also the sustainable and efficient extraction of precious resources from the Earth's depths.Sinorock's team has many years of experience in providing complete geotechnical engineering services. If you have any needs or questions about rock bolting, please feel free to contact us at sinorock@sinorockco.com
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