A drilling machine has several key components that work in tandem to drill precise, consistent holes. The main parts of a drilling machine are listed below:
The base of the drilling machine supports the machine and can either be fixed to a workshop floor or mounted to a work table in the case of smaller machines. Some bases have slots to allow for bolting and holding larger workpieces that cannot fit on the table.
The column is usually a hollow, cylindrical structure that connects the base, table, and head of a drilling machine. The column also serves as a linear slide on which the table moves up and down. The table clamps onto the column once positioned as desired.
On larger drilling machines the arm is attached to the column and is used to support the spindle and drill chuck. The arm also allows for some travel in a direction perpendicular to the column. Smaller machines do not have an arm and instead, have the spindle positioned relatively close to the column on the head assembly.
The drill head contains the spindle, feed mechanism, and drill chuck. The spindle is usually driven by an electric motor via a gearbox. For larger machines with arms, the electric motor’s power can be transmitted via a series of V-belts and pulleys.
The table provides a stable surface for the workpiece. It can be raised or lowered to adjust the drill bit's distance from the workpiece. The table also has T-slots or holes to facilitate clamping of the workpiece. A sensitive drill has a much smaller worktable when compared to a gang drill, for example. A sensitive drilling machine worktable is not designed for heavy loads whereas a gang drills worktable is.
The feed mechanism is designed to control the rate at which the drill is lowered into the material. The optimal feed rate and the speed of the drill bit are determined by the type of material being drilled and the size of the drill bit.
The spindle is a shaft assembly with bearings that connects the electric motor to the chuck. Spindles are designed to have as little rotational eccentricity as possible to ensure drilled holes are concentric.
The chuck is a mechanism used to grip the tool tightly enough to stop the tool from slipping during drilling operations. A drill chuck typically has three jaws whose position can be adjusted to account for different drill bit diameters. When adjusted, these jaws move either radially inwards or outwards to account for different diameters.
The electric motor drives the spindle either directly with a gearbox or with a series of belts and pulleys. The electric motor can either be mounted to the base of the machine or at the top of the column. Like the feed rate, the rotational speed can be adjusted for different drill bits and materials. Drills that allow for tapping also need to have very low minimum speeds on the electric motor. In this case, a VSD (Variable Speed Drive) is installed.
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